Social security, Labour Market and Restructuring - Russia and Ukraine

Since the beginning of the 1990s, demographic, economic and social changes occurring in Russia and Ukraine have had an impact on both labour markets and social conditions. One specific long-term challenge is their shrinking workforce. Low fertility, migration (higher outflows in Ukraine) and shorter life -spans, especially for males, have caused a rapid rate of depopulation and shifted the population’s age structure towards older age groups.